Getting Started with Linux Fundamentals

Instructions

1. On the command line, use the echo command as a non-interactive command to print a message to the command line:

   [student@workstation ~]$ echo "Hi there!"
   Hi there!

2. Use the cat command as an interactive command:

   [student@workstation ~]$ cat

   1. Type a string into the running cat session and confirm that your standard input is repeated to standard output.

      [student@workstation ~]$ cat
      goodbye
      goodbye

      You typed the first string, and the second string is displayed by the cat command.

   2. Press Ctrl+C to interrupt the cat session.

      ...output omitted...
      goodbye
      ^C

3. Redirect standard output to a file by using a greater than (>) symbol. Use the cat command to confirm the contents of the file:

   [student@workstation ~]$ echo test > example.txt
   [student@workstation ~]$ cat example.txt
   test

4. Redirect standard output to a file again by using a greater than (>) symbol. Use the cat command to confirm that the contents of the file have been overwritten by the new value:

   [student@workstation ~]$ echo hello > example.txt
   [student@workstation ~]$ cat example.txt
   hello

5. Redirect standard output to the end of a file by using two greater than (>>) symbols:

   [student@workstation ~]$ echo world >> example.txt

6. Use the cat command to view the contents of the example.txt file that you created:

   [student@workstation ~]$ cat example.txt
   hello
   world

7. Redirect standard output from the echo command to the input of the rev command:

   [student@workstation ~]$ echo hello | rev
   olleh

8. In one line only, redirect standard output from the rev command to the input of the tee command, and use the tee command to write the output to both your terminal and to a file. Use the cat command to confirm success.

   [student@workstation ~]$ echo hello | rev | tee example.txt
   olleh
   [student@workstation ~]$ cat example.txt
   olleh

9. Use the ls command on a directory that does not exist to generate an error message on standard error:

   [student@workstation ~]$ ls void
   ls: cannot access 'void': No such file or directory

10. Redirect standard error to a file. Use the cat command to confirm the contents of the file.

    [student@workstation ~]$ ls void 2> example.txt
    [student@workstation ~]$ cat example.txt
    ls: cannot access 'void': No such file or directory

    1. Redirect standard error to a file using two greater than (>>) symbols. Use the cat command to confirm the contents of the file.

       [student@workstation ~]$ ls void 2>> example.txt
       [student@workstation ~]$ cat example.txt
       ls: cannot access 'void': No such file or directory
       ls: cannot access 'void': No such file or directory

11. Redirect standard error to the /dev/null device.

    [student@workstation ~]$ ls void > /dev/null

    The command does not produce any output and the error messages are discarded.